Introduction Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams are ubiquitous materials finding applications in bedding, furniture, automotive seating, and packaging. Traditionally, tin-based catalysts such as stannous octoate (SnOct) and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) have been widely used in their production due to their high catalytic activity and cost-effectiveness. However, concerns regarding the toxicity, environmental impact, and potential for migration...